What is HVAC System?

The primary use of the HVAC system is to ensure a comfortable and temperate interior environment. It works by regulating and maintaining the humidity and temperature in the space. HVAC is an acronym that stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Often referred to as "climate control," this system is vital in medium and large interior spaces.

The three functions, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning, are closely linked together. Working collectively, the three components distribute the air in the room, they provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces.

Let us discuss the three components.

Heating systems may be categorized into two, central heating system or local heating system. Central heating is common in cold climates and provides heat to most private homes and public buildings. Usually, this system makes use of a boiler, furnace, and heat pump to heat water, steam or air. These devices are tucked away in a single location such as furnace rooms for homes and mechanical rooms for large buildings. This system makes use of piping or ductwork to distribute the heated fluid on to the radiator, which in turn distributes the heat into the room. Typically, radiators can be found mounted on the walls or tucked underneath the floorboards.

Ventilation is the process of removing and replacing the air thus preventing moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust and airborne bacteria to stagnate and settle in the room. Simply put, ventilation keeps the air circulating by pushing air from the inside out and introducing air from the outside in.

There are two ways to ventilate a building. One, the mechanical or forced ventilation, the other is natural ventilation. In mechanical or forced ventilation, an exhaust system is often used. Flow rate (which is dependent on the fan speed and vent size) together with noise level are the two factors to consider when using the system. To correct a wrong notion, ceiling fans and table or floor fans do not ventilate a room. They merely circulate the air around the room. Note that circulating air may prove counter productive as it merely pushes the air up thus making the room warmer.

On the other hand, natural ventilation rely mostly on the building's architecture i.e. wide open windows, ceiling slats etc. This system may not be possible in very humid climates though thus air-conditioning systems are used to lower the temperature.

Air-conditioning works by removing heat through the process of radiation, convection, and conduction using mediums such as water, air, ice, and a refrigerant called Freon. An air conditioning system offers cooling, ventilation and humidity control through a process called refrigeration cycle.

This cycle consists of four elements:

(1) compressor, which provides compression for the system,

(2) condenser which removes heat from the system,

(3) evaporator which absorbs or adds heat to the system.

Dehumidification is the function of the evaporator wherein moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator and removed by piping to a central drain, and (4) metering device which regulates the evaporator to ensure that the proper rate of heat absorption is maintained.

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